An international team of experts, led by Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU), has found no evidence that expensive biofeedback devices used in the treatment of urinary incontinence in women make any difference.
Biofeedback therapy has been used as a way to enhance the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercises by helping patients see they are exercising their muscles correctly and encouraging them to do them more often. The cost of the biofeedback devices can range from £100 to £500.
However, scientists at GCU, working with the universities of Stirling, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Exeter and Otago in New Zealand, as well as NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde and NHS Ayrshire and Arran, have found that the devices make no difference to the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercises.
Lead author of the study, GCU Professor Suzanne Hagen, who is also Deputy Director of the Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit (NMAHP RU), is now urging the NHS “not to spend money” on these biofeedback devices.
The five-year study involving 600 women with stress or mixed urinary incontinence from all over the UK was launched to find out if pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback was more effective for female urinary incontinence than PFMT alone.
Scientists studied the women over 24-months after they were randomised to receive six PFMT appointments with EMG biofeedback used in clinic and at home, or six PFMT appointments alone. They found no evidence of a difference in incontinence severity between the biofeedback PFMT and PFMT groups.
The study concluded: “We found no benefit of including EMG biofeedback as part of a PFMT programme when compared to PFMT alone. Results indicated similar incontinence severity at 24-month follow-up in both groups.”
The research, entitled ‘Effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training with and without electromyographic biofeedback for female urinary incontinence: the OPAL multicentre randomised controlled trial’, was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ).
Professor Hagen said: “In the NHS in the UK, continence physiotherapists and nurses shouldn’t routinely be giving biofeedback to all women they treat with urinary incontinence. It is not something the NHS needs to invest money in because there is now clear evidence that overall it makes no difference to the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercises. A good, supervised programme of pelvic floor muscle exercises on its own is enough to significantly improve women’s incontinence.
“When we started this trial five years ago there was still uncertainty over the role of using the EMG biofeedback. It wasn’t clear whether adding in biofeedback to pelvic floor muscle exercises was beneficial or not and the NIHR commissioned us to do this trial.
“Meanwhile, the use of biofeedback varied from centre to centre with some continence therapists using it frequently as part of treatment and others selectively or never. Biofeedback devices were also becoming more widely available and women could buy them themselves online. It was therefore becoming easier for women to get them directly and use them at home.
“The NIHR asked us to trial this because we still didn’t know the answer. We found that the evidence to support EMG biofeedback being used was contradictory. Now we have a clear answer and this means that in the NHS in the UK, those treating women with incontinence can be confident that they should not routinely use biofeedback.
“We are saying to the NHS not to invest in this because it is now clear that on average it makes no difference.. In the study we found no difference in incontinence or any other measure after two years between those who did exercises alone and those who did exercise with biofeedback.
“Biofeedback is a tool that lets the patient and the clinician know if the pelvic floor muscles are contracting correctly during the exercises. We hypothesised that it would increase women’s exercise skills and motivate them to exercise more and for longer, however ultimately it didn’t make a difference to their incontinence.”
Access the research paper on the BMJ website here.
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